Gingivitis is gingival (gum) inflammation due to the build-up of plaque on the tooth surfaces. The inflammation results from the immune system continuously defending against the bacteria in the plaque.

Symptoms of gingivitis include red and swollen gums that easily bleed with brushing or flossing. Gingivitis is usually the result of suboptimal oral hygiene, both inadequate brushing and flossing.

Gingivitis can be caused or worsened by smoking, pubertal hormones, pregnancy, diabetes, and some medications.